Electro-fluid transducers

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure is directed towards electro-fluid transducers that may influence the flow of a fluid in and around a channel. In one such embodiment, a system comprises a first electrode at least partially encapsulated by a first dielectric; a second electrode at least partially encapsulated by a second dielectric, wherein a portion of a channel exists between the first dielectric and the second dielectric; a third electrode positioned in the channel; and a fourth electrode positioned in the channel, wherein the electrodes influence a flow of a fluid in the channel upon the electrodes being energized.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is the 35 U.S.C. § 371 national stage application ofPCT Application No. PCT/US2015/052786, filed Sep. 29, 2015, where thePCT Application claims priority to U.S. provisional application entitled“Electro-Fluid Transducers,” having Ser. No. 62/056,778, filed Sep. 29,2014, both of which are herein incorporated by reference in theirentireties.

BACKGROUND

Atmospheric plasma driven active and passive flow control devices havebeen extensively studied in recent years.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to electro-fluidtransducers that may influence the flow of a fluid in and around achannel. In one such embodiment, a system comprises a first electrode atleast partially encapsulated by a first dielectric; a second electrodeat least partially encapsulated by a second dielectric, wherein aportion of a channel exists between the first dielectric and the seconddielectric; a third electrode positioned in the channel; and a fourthelectrode positioned in the channel, wherein the electrodes influence aflow of a fluid in the channel upon the electrodes being energized.

An additional example of such an embodiment comprises a first electrodeand a second electrode associated with a first side of a channel; athird electrode and a fourth electrode associated with a second side ofthe channel; and a fifth electrode positioned in the channel, whereinthe electrodes influence a flow of a fluid in the channel upon theelectrodes being energized.

An exemplary embodiment of a method in accordance with the presentdisclosure comprises energizing a first electrode, a second electrode, athird electrode, and a fourth electrode to influence a flow of a fluidin a channel, wherein a portion of the channel is located between thefirst electrode and the second electrode and wherein the third electrodeand the fourth electrode are located in the channel.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The disclosed apparatuses, systems, and methods can be better understoodwith reference to the following drawings. The components in the drawingsare not necessarily drawn to scale.

FIGS. 1-16 are diagrams of examples of transducer systems utilizingvarious energizing configurations in accordance with embodiments of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 17 is a flow chart diagram describing an exemplary method inaccordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure is directed towards electro-fluid transducersthat may influence the flow of a fluid in and around a channel. Thetransducer systems described herein have a variety of applications. Forexample, such transducer systems may be used to modify the boundarylayer of an object to, for example, reduce drag for the object.Furthermore, the transducer systems may be used to generate an aircurtain for a refrigeration system. The embodiments described herein maybe used in other applications as well.

With reference to FIG. 1, shown is a first example of a transducersystem 100. The transducer system 100 shown in FIG. 1 includeselectrodes 103-113 and/or other components. The electrode 103 isencapsulated within a dielectric 116, and the electrode 106 isencapsulated within a dielectric 119. A channel 123 (e.g., an openpassageway) exists between the dielectrics 116-119. In some embodiments,the dielectrics 116-119 may be a portion of one or more walls thatdefine the channel 123. In other embodiments, the dielectrics 116-119may be disposed on the surface of one or more walls that define thechannel 123. In alternative embodiments, the dielectrics 116-119 may beembedded within the one or more walls that define the channel 123. Inany case, a channel 123 exists between the dielectrics 116-119, and afluid, such as air or any other fluid, may be present in and around thechannel 123. As shown in FIG. 1, the electrodes 109-113 are located inthe channel 123.

The electrodes 103-113 may be energized by applying various electricpotentials to the respective electrodes 103-113. To this end, theelectrodes 103-113 may be coupled to one or more power sources, as willbe further described. It is emphasized that the various configurationsdescribed herein to energize the electrodes 103-113 are non-limitingexamples of configurations for energizing the electrodes 103-113.Alternative configurations for energizing the electrodes 103-113 arewithin the scope of the present disclosure.

For the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the electrodes 103-106 are coupledto ground, and the electrode 109 is coupled to the positive terminal ofa time-varying voltage source 126. For example, the output of thevoltage source 126 may have a waveform that is sinusoidal, square,triangular, etc. In alternative embodiments, the voltage source 126 maynot vary with time.

For the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the electrode 113 is coupled to thenegative terminal of a constant voltage source 129. In alternativeembodiments, the voltage source 129 may be a time-varying voltage source129.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the electric potential of theelectrode 109 may be higher than the electric potential of theelectrodes 103-106. As a result, a Lorentz force may be generated due tothe electric field that exists between the electrode 109 and theelectrodes 103-106. Similarly, because the electric potential of theelectrodes 103-106 are higher than the electric potential of theelectrode 113, the electric field from the electrodes 103-106 to theelectrode 113 may generate a Lorentz force. These Lorentz forces mayinduce flow of the fluid in the channel 123 in the direction indicatedgenerally by the arrows 133. Further information regarding electrodesgenerating Lorentz is provided in U.S. Pat. No. 8,235,072, titled“Method and Apparatus for Multibarrier Plasma High Performance FlowControl,” issued on Aug. 7, 2012; US. Publication No. 2013/0038199,titled “System, Method, and Apparatus for Microscale Plasma Actuation,”filed on Apr. 21, 2011; and WIPO Publication No. WO/2011/156408, titled“Plasma Induced Fluid Mixing,” filed on Jun. 7, 2011. Each of thesedocuments is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

With reference to FIG. 2, shown is another example of the transducersystem 100 using an alternative energizing configuration. In theembodiment shown in FIG. 2, the electrode 109 is coupled to the negativeterminal of the constant voltage source 129. Additionally, the electrode113 is coupled to the positive terminal of the time-varying voltagesource 126. Thus, the electric potential of the electrode 113 may behigher than the electric potential of the electrodes 103-106. As aresult, a Lorentz force may be generated due to the electric field thatexists between the electrode 113 and the electrodes 103-106.Additionally, the electric potential of the electrodes 103-106 may behigher than the electric potential of the electrode 109. As a result, aLorentz force may be generated due to the electric field that existsbetween the electrodes 103-106 and the electrode 109. The Lorentz forcesmay induce the flow of fluid in the channel 123 in the directionindicated generally by the arrows 203.

With reference to FIG. 3, shown is another example of the transducersystem 100 using an alternative energizing configuration. In theembodiment shown in FIG. 3, the electrode 109 is coupled to the positiveterminal of a first time-varying voltage source 126 a, and the electrode113 is coupled to the positive terminal of a second time-varying voltagesource 126 b. In this configuration, the electric potential of theelectrode 109 may be higher than the electric potential of theelectrodes 103-106. Thus, a Lorentz force may be generated due to theelectric field that exists between the electrode 109 and the electrodes103-106. Similarly, the electric potential of the electrode 113 may behigher than the electric potential of the electrodes 103-106. As aresult, a Lorentz force may be generated due to the electric field thatexists between the electrode 113 and the electrodes 103-106. TheseLorentz forces may induce the flow of fluid in the channel 123 in thedirections indicated generally by the arrows 303.

With reference to FIG. 4, shown is another example of the transducersystem 100 using an alternative energizing configuration. In theembodiment shown in FIG. 4, the electrode 109 is coupled to the negativeterminal of a first time-varying voltage source 126 a, and the electrode113 is coupled to the negative terminal of a second time-varying voltagesource 126 b. In this configuration, the electric potential of theelectrode 109 may be lower than the electric potential of the electrodes103-106. Thus, a Lorentz force may be generated due to the electricfield that exists between the electrode 109 and the electrodes 103-106.Similarly, the electric potential of the electrode 113 may be lower thanthe electric potential of the electrodes 103-106. As a result, a Lorentzforce may be generated due to the electric field that exists between theelectrode 113 and the electrodes 103-106. These Lorentz forces mayinduce the flow of fluid in the channel 123 in the directions indicatedgenerally by the arrows 403.

With reference to FIG. 5, shown is an alternative embodiment of atransducer system 100, referred to herein as the transducer system 500.The transducer system 500 is similar to the transducer system 100discussed with reference to FIG. 1. However, one or more ports 503-513are formed in the dielectrics 116-119. The ports 503-513 may facilitatethe fluid in or near the channel 123 entering and/or exiting the channel123.

For the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, flow of the fluid is induced in thedirections indicated generally by the arrows 516-529. To this end, theelectrodes 103-113 may be energized, for example, in the manner shown inFIG. 1.

With reference to FIG. 6, shown is another example of the transducersystem 500 using an alternative energizing configuration. For theembodiment shown in FIG. 6, flow of the fluid is induced in thedirections indicated generally by the arrows 603-616. To this end, theelectrodes 103-113 may be energized, for example, in the manner shown inFIG. 2.

With reference to FIG. 7, shown is another example of the transducersystem 500 using an alternative energizing configuration. For theembodiment shown in FIG. 7, flow of the fluid is induced in thedirections indicated generally by the arrows 703-716. To this end, theelectrodes 103-113 may be energized, for example, in the manner shown inFIG. 3.

With reference to FIG. 8, shown is another example of the transducersystem 500 using an alternative energizing configuration. For theembodiment shown in FIG. 8, flow of the fluid is induced in thedirections indicated generally by the arrows 803-816. To this end, theelectrodes 103-113 may be energized, for example, in the manner shown inFIG. 4.

With reference to FIG. 9, shown is an alternative embodiment of atransducer system 100, referred to herein as the transducer system 900.The transducer system 900 shown in FIG. 9 includes electrodes 903-916and/or other components. The electrodes 903-903 are encapsulated withina first dielectric 919, and the electrodes 909-913 are encapsulatedwithin a second dielectric 923. A channel 123 exists between thedielectrics 919-923, and the electrode 916 is located within the channel123.

The electrodes 903-916 may be energized by applying various electricpotentials to the respective electrodes 903-916. To this end, theelectrodes 903-916 may be coupled to one or more power sources, as willbe further described. It is emphasized that the various configurationsdescribed herein to energize the electrodes 903-916 are non-limitingexamples of configurations for energizing the electrodes 903-916.Alternative configurations for energizing the electrodes 903-916 arewithin the scope of the present disclosure.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 9, the electrodes 903 and 909 arecoupled to the positive terminal of the time-varying voltage source 126.The electrode 916 is coupled to ground, and the electrodes 906 and 913are coupled to the negative terminal of the constant voltage source 129.As a result, Lorentz forces may induce flow of the fluid in the channel123 in the direction indicated generally by the arrows 926.

With reference to FIG. 10, shown is an example of the transducer system900 using an alternative energizing configuration. In this embodiment,the electrodes 903 and 909 are coupled to the negative terminal of theconstant voltage source 129. The electrode 916 is coupled to ground, andthe electrodes 906 and 913 are coupled to the positive terminal of thetime-varying voltage source 126. As a result, Lorentz forces may induceflow of the fluid in the channel 123 in the direction indicatedgenerally by the arrows 1003.

With reference to FIG. 11, show is an example of the transducer system900 using an alternative energizing configuration. In this embodiment,the electrodes 906 and 909 are coupled to the positive terminal of afirst time-varying voltage source 126 a, and the electrodes 906 and 916are coupled to the positive terminal of a second time-varying voltagesource 126 b. As a result, Lorentz forces may induce flow of the fluidin the channel 123 in the direction indicated generally by the arrows1103.

With reference to FIG. 12, show is an example of the transducer system900 using an alternative energizing configuration. In this embodiment,the electrodes 906 and 909 are coupled to the negative terminal of afirst time-varying voltage source 126 a, and the electrodes 906 and 916are coupled to the negative terminal of a second time-varying voltagesource 126 b. As a result, Lorentz forces may induce flow of the fluidin the channel 123 in the direction indicated generally by the arrows1203.

With reference to FIG. 13, shown is an alternative embodiment of atransducer system 100, referred to herein as the transducer system 1300.The transducer system 1300 is similar to the transducer system 900discussed with reference to FIG. 9. However, one or more ports 1303-1306are formed in the dielectrics 116-119. The ports 1303-1306 mayfacilitate the fluid in or near the channel 123 entering and/or exitingthe channel 123.

For the embodiment shown in FIG. 13, flow of the fluid is induced in thedirections indicated generally by the arrows 1309-1316. To this end, theelectrodes 903-916 may be energized, for example, in the manner shown inFIG. 9.

With reference to FIG. 14, shown is another example of the transducersystem 1300 using an alternative energizing configuration. For theembodiment shown in FIG. 14, flow of the fluid is induced in thedirections indicated generally by the arrows 1403-1409. To this end, theelectrodes 903-916 may be energized, for example, in the manner shown inFIG. 10.

With reference to FIG. 15, shown is another example of the transducersystem 1300 using an alternative energizing configuration. For theembodiment shown in FIG. 15, flow of the fluid is induced in thedirections indicated generally by the arrows 1503-1509. To this end, theelectrodes 903-916 may be energized, for example, in the manner shown inFIG. 11.

With reference to FIG. 16, shown is another example of the transducersystem 1300 using an alternative energizing configuration. For theembodiment shown in FIG. 16, flow of the fluid is induced in thedirections indicated generally by the arrows 1603-1609. To this end, theelectrodes 903-916 may be energized, for example, in the manner shown inFIG. 12.

FIG. 17 illustrates an exemplary method of implementing an electro-fluidtransducer in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.An exemplary method comprises energizing (1710) a first electrode, asecond electrode, a third electrode, and a fourth electrode to influencea flow of a fluid in a channel. Further, a portion of the channel islocated (1720) between the first electrode and the second electrode. Thethird electrode and the fourth electrode are located (1730) in thechannel.

It is emphasized that the above-described embodiments of the presentdisclosure are merely possible examples of implementations to set forthfor a clear understanding of the principles of the disclosure. Manyvariations and modifications may be made to the above-describedembodiments without departing substantially from the spirit andprinciples of the disclosure. All such modifications and variations areintended to be included herein within the scope of this disclosure andprotected by the following claims.

Therefore, the following is claimed:
 1. A system comprising: a firstelectrode at least partially encapsulated by a first dielectric on afirst wall; a second electrode at least partially encapsulated by asecond dielectric on a second wall, wherein a channel exists between thefirst wall and the second wall; a third electrode positioned at one endof the channel existing between the first wall and the second wall; anda fourth electrode positioned at an opposite end of the channel existingbetween the first wall and the second wall; wherein the electrodesinfluence a flow of a fluid in the channel upon the electrodes beingenergized; wherein a port is formed in a wall for the channel; andwherein the electrodes further influence an additional flow of the fluidthrough the port, wherein the wall comprises the first wall or thesecond wall.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein a first electricpotential at the third electrode is higher than a second electricpotential at the fourth electrode.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein afirst electric potential at the third electrode is lower than a secondelectric potential at the fourth electrode.
 4. The system of claim 1,wherein a first electric potential at the third electrode and a secondelectric potential at the fourth electrode are higher than a thirdelectric potential at the first electrode and the second electrode. 5.The system of claim 1, wherein a first electric potential at the thirdelectrode and a second electric potential at the fourth electrode arelower than a third electric potential at the first electrode and thesecond electrode.
 6. A method comprising: energizing a first electrode,a second electrode, a third electrode, and a fourth electrode toinfluence a flow of a fluid in a channel; wherein a portion of thechannel is located between the first electrode and the second electrode;wherein the third electrode and the fourth electrode are located in amiddle of the channel; and wherein a port is formed in a wall for thechannel, and the electrodes further influence an additional flow of thefluid through the port.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein energizing thefirst electrode, the second electrode, the third electrode, and thefourth electrode comprises: establishing a first electric potential atthe third electrode; and establishing a second electric potential at thefourth electrode, wherein the second electric potential is lower thanthe first electric potential.
 8. The method of claim 6, whereinenergizing the first electrode, the second electrode, the thirdelectrode, and the fourth electrode comprises: establishing a firstelectric potential at the third electrode; and establishing a secondelectric potential at the fourth electrode, wherein the second electricpotential is higher than the first electric potential.
 9. The method ofclaim 6, wherein energizing the first electrode, the second electrode,the third electrode, and the fourth electrode comprises: establishing afirst electric potential at the third electrode and the fourthelectrode; and establishing a second electric potential at the firstelectrode and the second electrode, wherein the first electric potentialis higher than the second electric potential.
 10. The method of claim 6,wherein energizing the first electrode, the second electrode, the thirdelectrode, and the fourth electrode comprises: establishing a firstelectric potential at the third electrode and the fourth electrode; andestablishing a second electric potential at the first electrode and thesecond electrode, wherein the first electric potential is lower than thesecond electric potential.
 11. The method of claim 6, wherein at leastone of the first electrode, the second electrode, the third electrode,or the fourth electrode is energized using a time varying voltagesource.
 12. A system comprising: a first electrode and a secondelectrode associated with a first side of a channel; a third electrodeand a fourth electrode associated with a second side of the channel; anda fifth electrode positioned in a middle of the channel; wherein theelectrodes influence a flow of a fluid in the channel upon theelectrodes being energized.
 13. The system of claim 12, wherein: thefirst electrode and the second electrode are at least partiallyencapsulated by a first dielectric; and the third electrode and thefourth electrode are at least partially encapsulated by a seconddielectric.
 14. The system of claim 12, wherein a port is formed in thefirst side, and wherein the electrodes further influence an additionalflow of the fluid through the port.
 15. The system of claim 12, whereina first electric potential at the first electrode and the thirdelectrode is higher than a second electric potential at the secondelectrode and the fourth electrode.
 16. The system of claim 12, whereina first electric potential at the first electrode and the thirdelectrode is lower than a second electric potential at the secondelectrode and the fourth electrode.
 17. The system of claim 12, whereina first electric potential at the first electrode, the second electrode,the third electrode, and the fourth electrode is higher than a secondelectric potential at the fifth electrode.
 18. The system of claim 12,wherein a first electric potential at the first electrode, the secondelectrode, the third electrode, and the fourth electrode is lower than asecond electric potential at the fifth electrode.
 19. A systemcomprising: a first electrode at least partially encapsulated by a firstdielectric on a first wall; a second electrode at least partiallyencapsulated by a second dielectric on a second wall, wherein a channelexists between the first wall and the second wall; a third electrodepositioned at one end of the channel existing between the first wall andthe second wall; and a fourth electrode positioned at an opposite end ofthe channel existing between the first wall and the second wall; whereinthe electrodes influence a flow of a fluid in the channel upon theelectrodes being energized; and wherein a first electric potential atthe third electrode and a second electric potential at the fourthelectrode are higher than a third electric potential at the firstelectrode and the second electrode.
 20. A method comprising: energizinga first electrode, a second electrode, a third electrode, and a fourthelectrode to influence a flow of a fluid in a channel by establishing afirst electric potential at the third electrode and the fourthelectrode; and establishing a second electric potential at the firstelectrode and the second electrode, wherein the first electric potentialis higher than the second electric potential; wherein a portion of thechannel is located between the first electrode and the second electrode;and wherein the third electrode and the fourth electrode are located ina middle of the channel.